نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده علومانسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه اردکان، یزد، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]
The main purpose of this study is to process how the Quds force with the commandership of general Qāsem Soleimānī changes the direction of Quds force and transits from "collective security" to "collective defense" in Syria's crisis, based on the conceptual model of "collective defense". The main question of this article is "What was the Quds force's approach in dealing with the military- security crisis of Syria?" In this regard, the hypothesis that is being tested is that "the Quds force with the management of martyr Soleimānī, has moved from the ideal theory of collective security considered by the security council and by utilizing important features of collective defense such as advanced planning, accurate identification of the enemy, understanding the nature of threat, the limited defense system and the formation of a defense system from groups or allied governments of region, has played a significant role in ensuring security and strengthening the military capacity of Syria's army." The results of this research that employs descriptive-analytical method show that the Quds force with the management of general Soleimānī in the Syria's crisis, with knowing that international coalitions do not prioritize collective security over their political and economic interests in combating with Syria's terrorists; in line with the collective defense strategy, has put precise and complex measure on his agenda. These measures include: 1. creating coalition with limited and allied governments; 2. forming popular mobilization of people and importing people's energy into the context of the crisis; 3. implementing important war strategies based on military experience; 4. organizing the classical army of Syria; 5. leading the resistance front and importing them as an auxiliary arm. This defensive approach reproduced the legitimacy of the government of Bashar Assad and the security of the Syrian citizens, and severely defeated the Jihadi-Salafis.
کلیدواژهها [English]
ب)منابع لاتین
1.Abdullahi, A. (2014). An Appraisal of The Concept of Collective Security Under International Law. LL.M Thesis, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
2.Al-Ameri, Hadi(2015). If Qasem Soleimani was not present in Iraq, Haider al-Abadi would not be able to form his cabinet within, Mehr News Agency, 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019.
3.Al-Ameri, Hadi(2015). If Qasem Soleimani was not present in Iraq, Haider al-Abadi would not be able to form his cabinet within, Mehr News Agency, 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019.
4.Azodi, Sina(2017). Qasem Soleimani, Iran’s Celebrity Warlord, Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018.
5.Azodi, Sina(2017). Qasem Soleimani, Iran’s Celebrity Warlord, Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018.
6.Beauchamp, Zack, (2015). The Syrian refugee crisis, explained in one map, Sep 27, 2015, https://www.vox.com/2015/9/27/9394959/syria-refugee-map.
7.Bergsmann, Stefan (2001). The Concept of Military Alliance, https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/05_small_states_04.pdf
8.Byman, Daniel (2006). Remaking Alliances for the War on Terrorism, The Journal of Strategic Studies. 29 (5): 767–811.
9.Doucet, Lyse(2020). Qasem Soleimani: Thousands mourn assassinated Iranian general, BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020.
10.Hashem, Ali(2015). Iraq’s Shiite forces claim victory over IS, 16 March 2015, Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015.
11.Helal, M. S. (2018). The Myth of UN Collective Security, Emory International Law Review, 32(1), 1063-1097.
12.Housden, M. (2014). The League of Nations and the Organization of Peace, New York: Routledge.
13.Ki-moon, Ban (2013). Complete Text of Ban Ki-moon’s Address, ‘Crisis in Syria: Civil War, Global Threat’, 20 June 2014, https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/complete-text-ban-ki-moons-address-crisis-syria-civil-war-global-threat.
14.Krause, Volker; Singer, J. David (2001). Minor Powers, Alliances, And Armed Conflict: Some Preliminary Patterns, Small States and Alliances, 24 (4), pp. 15–23.
15.Kuo, Raymond (2019). Secrecy among Friends: Covert Military Alliances and Portfolio Consistency, Journal of Conflict Resolution. 64: 63–89.
16.Leeds, Brett Ashley (2003). Do Alliances Deter Aggression? The Influence of Military Alliances on the Initiation of Militarized Interstate Disputes, American Journal of Political Science. 47 (3): 427–439.
17.Mcchrystal, Stanley(2019). Sardar Soleimani in the list of top 10 thinkers of Foreign Policy Magazine, Winter 2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/gt-essay/irans-deadly-puppet-master-qassem-suleimani
18.Mcchrystal, Stanley(2019). Sardar Soleimani in the list of top 10 thinkers of Foreign Policy Magazine, Winter 2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/gt-essay/irans-deadly-puppet-master-qassem-suleimani
19.Mehr News(2015). Iran’s Soleimani pays tribute to fallen Hezbollah fighters, Mehr News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
20.Mehr News(2015). Iran’s Soleimani pays tribute to fallen Hezbollah fighters, Mehr News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
21.Merat, Arron(2019). In an attack on Iran, misunderstanding Qasim Soleimani could be America’s downfall, Prospect. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019.
22.Neuhold, H. (2016). The Law of International Conflict, Force, Intervention and Peaceful Dispute Settlement. Brill, Nijhoff, (5), doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004299931
23.O’connel, M. E. (2019). The Art of Law in the International Community, UK: Cambridge University Press.
24.Olson, Mancur; Zeckhauser, Richard (1966), An Economic Theory of Alliances, The Review of Economics and Statistics. 48 (3): 266–279.
25.Orakhelashvili, A. (2011). Collective Security, UK: Oxford University Press.
26.Pollack, Kenneth M(2017). Major General Qasem Soleimani, time.com, Archived from the original on 7 January 2020.
27.Reuters(2015). How Iranian general plotted out Syrian assault in Moscow, 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015.
28.Reuters(2017). CIA chief Pompeo says he warned Iran’s Soleimani over Iraq aggression, Reuters. 2017. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017.
29.Solomon, Jay & Gorman, Siobhan(2012). Iran’s Spymaster Counters U.S. Moves in the Middleeast, Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016.
30.The Economist, (2015). Hizbullah’s learning curve: Deadly experience. 22 August 2015, https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2015/08/20/deadly-experience
31.Tucker, Robert; Hendrickson, David C. (1992). The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America’s Purpose, Council on Foreign Relations, 21(6), pp. 64–65.
32.Turak, Natasha, (2020). The puppet master is dead’: Iranian Gen. Qasem Soleimani’s power, and why his death is such a big deal, JAN 3 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html.
33.United Nations, (2019). Security Council Failing Thousands of People Detained, Abducted in Syria, Civil Society Speakers Say, Demanding Information about Missing Persons’ Whereabouts, 7 August 2019, https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/sc13913.doc.htm.
34.Vick, Karl (2020). Why the U.S. Assassination of Iranian Quds Force Leader Qasem Soleimani Has the U.S. Bracing for Retaliation, 3 January 2020, time.com. Time (magazine). Archived from the original on 3 January 2020.
35.Vuillez, William(2020). Pas de guerre contre l’Iran: des manifestants défilent aux États-Unis, 04/01/2020, https://www.rtl.fr/actu/international/pas-de-guerre-contre-l-iran-des-manifestants-defilent-aux-etats-unis-7799833949
36.Weiss,micheal(2013). Rise of the Militias in Syria, RealClearWorld. Archived from the original on 2013-06-10.
37.Weiss, Michael(2014). Iran’s Top Spy Is the Modern-Day Karla, John Le Carré’s Villainous Mastermind, The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016.
38.Weitsman, Patricia A.(2003). Dangerous Alliances: Proponentsof Peace, Weapons of War 1st Edition, Stanford University Press; 1st edition.
39.Weller, M. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force in International Law, UK: Oxford
40.Yacoubian, Mona, (2020). How the Soleimani Strike Impacts Syria and the Fight Against ISIS, https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/01/how-soleimani-strike-impacts-syria-and-fight-against-isis, January 7, 2020.
ج)تارنما
)